The transport, network, data link, and physical layers of the OSI Model each have a different protocol data unit (PDU):
Layer 4: Transport layer = Segment
Layer 3: Network layer = Packet
Layer 2: Data link layer = Frame
Layer 1: Physical layer = Bits
While network layer devices like routers transport packets, devices in the data link layer use frames. It’s mostly a semantic difference. A frame, however, has both a header and trailer. A packet only has a header.
How Does Frame Relay Work?
Frame relay is typically used to transfer data between geographically separated LANs or across WANs. Frame relays can also be useful in home lab environments. CBT Nuggets trainer Jeremy Cioara recounts while studying for his CCIE R&S, he was spending too much time recabling his lab.
“I had to re-cable every time I wanted a new topology. So instead, I took all of my routers and connected them to a single frame relay switch in a rack of equipment. And then, just by re-configuring that frame relay switch, I could say which routers were connected to what without actually physically moving cables around.”
Switched Virtual Circuits & Permanent Virtual Circuits: What’s the Difference?
In the same way, companies use frame relays to move data among remote sites or across a WAN. Rather than using a full-time leased line between remote sites, frame-relay devices create one of two types of connections: Switched virtual circuits (SVC) or permanent virtual connection (PVC).
Frame relay devices create SVCs when data needs to be transferred and then close those connections when they aren’t in use. Permanent virtual connections (PVC) keep the connection between two locations open all the time. PVCs are much more common.
What are Data Link Connection Identifiers?
These dedicated connections link endpoints, which are usually either routers configured as frame relay switches or provided by a service provider. In either case, the endpoints are labeled with unique identifiers called Data Link Connection Identifiers (DCLI). Frames are then transferred between two static points.
Frame relay is bizarre because you don’t go directly from a source router to a destination router. You use a Permanent Virtual Connection (PVC) to send data. On either side, there will be a Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) as the source and destination. In this example, the source will be DLCI 102, and the destination will be DLCI 201.
Recap: When Router One wants to send to Router Two, it’s going to send data from DLCI 102, fly through the air, and then come out on DLCI 201. It’s kind of like leaving out of gates of an airport. When Router Two sends data back, the data is going into 201, flying through the air, and come out on 102.
Success Secrets: How you can Pass Cisco Certification Exams in first attempt
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) promises transformational opportunities. Yet the open, standards-based internet technologies that enable the IIoT and economic innovation also present an array of complex challenges to critical infrastructure providers. Technology is being embedded into existing Industrial and Automation Control Systems (IACS) deployments and the IIoT is being used to monitor and optimize IACS processes, with more and more network connections being made to enable digitization strategies. While the electronics of brownfield critical infrastructure—the systems currently in operation—were designed with considerations of safety, availability, redundancy; they were not built with cybersecurity in mind. Yet, the existing infrastructure in the ecosystem was designed to be operational for several more decades. And IIoT solutions are being bolted on alongside these brownfield systems, exposing them to Internet-based risks. The interconnectedness of today’s technologies exposes the insecure-by-design electronics of brownfield IACS and the physical systems they control to worldwide threats.
What can system integrators, asset owners and operators do to enhance cyber resilience of operational cyber-physical-converged systems?
To help secure new technology deployments within the IIoT, we’ve seen progress through the actions of embedding trustworthy technologies into those systems, aligning them to industry standards and focusing on value chain security to mitigate the threats of the third party ecosystem. While encouraging, these activities focus on new or greenfield IIoT and IACS deployments. It’s only when new IACS are built that there will there be a chance to insert electronics that are secure by design. This implies that there will be a gap in security for the next several decades until all legacy electronics supporting critical infrastructure are replaced.
Addressing this security gap must remain a priority as connectivity increases between legacy or brownfield systems and the internet if cyber resilience is to be achieved.
Recently, I had the chance to visit and speak directly with a variety of European customers whose primary business is industrial-focused. Our discussions focused on this security gap and covered the state of Industrial security and the IIoT, the business and technical challenges of securing IACS, the complexity of assessing cyber risks, and best practices, standards, and technologies that can aid in solving these challenges. The technical stakeholders I spoke with represented manufacturing, energy and water utilities, transportation, ports, logistics and retailers. While there was general consensus regarding the many challenges and possible solutions to securing electronic systems that support our IACS, the lack of consensus to the following question was troubling:
Does your company operate a Secure Operations Center (SOC)?
In order to keep up with the threat landscape, every critical infrastructure provider must build, operate and maintain a Security Operations Center (SOC) to enhance the cyber resilience of these operational systems. Simply put, the faster an organization can detect any incident that could impact the business; contain and minimize the scope of the impact; and restore all systems to a known good state, the less that incident will cost and the more resilient that organization and it’s operational IACS will be. Keep in mind that when security incidents arise, they have the potential to not only affect your organization, but could create cascading failures that impact your local municipality, your business partners, and your customers.
The relevance and importance of a SOC increases significantly in critical infrastructure environments where protective security measures may not always be available or implemented due to the heterogeneous systems, protocols, technologies, and standards that enable IACS and the IIoT. The capabilities of the SOC enable organizations to increase cyber resilience by accepting that cyber incidents will occur, adopting the NIST Cybersecurity Framework, and focusing on the full lifecycle of operational risk management: Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, and Recover. Note that protective measures are just one function of this framework – in alignment with how Cisco views the cyber-attack continuum.
This is why building, operating and maintaining a SOC is vital.
Equally important is to ensure your SOC is tightly integrated with your IACS operations and control centers. Such integrations enable collaboration between IACS operations experts and cyber security experts to sift through the noise and determine which security-related events are important.
Here are four activities that will enable your SOC to build cyber resilience into your entire organization:
Listen to your networks – enable, export, and regularly review network telemetry from all capable electronic assets in order to hunt for anomalies and potential threats. Aggregate threat intelligence from your peers and industry groups and investigate if the same Indicators of Compromise (IOC) found externally can be found in your networks.
Test technology stacks – verify that all system backups are being performed successfully, and validate the integrity of those backups and recovery processes by cyclically restoring from backups.
Simulate security incident scenarios – step through your business continuity and disaster recovery plans in conjunction with the integrated operations centers and larger organization on a recurring basis.
Build a security culture – enable your SOC specialists to provide business-relevant security training to the entire organization about the threats they see, with contextually relevant content for engineering, operations, dispatch, and field teams.
Cyber resilience means identifying threats that could impact operations, being prepared to react quickly, and ensuring that systems fail safe. If you enable network telemetry data streams you can gain visibility into the baseline operations of your environment. By regularly reviewing the data against known IOCs, you can quickly detect anomalous behavior. By practicing incident response plans you’ll decrease the time it takes to respond appropriately and recover from a real incident – this is cyber resilience.
Success Secrets: How you can Pass Cisco Certification Exams in first attempt
If you fell asleep in a ’90s data center and woke up in a modern one, you’d know instantly. But if you dozed off in your office and woke up 25 years later, it’s possible you’d be none the wiser until you confronted the espresso machine.
In the ’90s, we added one building a month to our San Jose campus. Twenty years later, the office space still looked about the same. You’ve seen it: 60-inch cubicle walls with perimeter offices blocking natural light. The space was antiquated, dilapidated, and—frankly—depressing.
In 2011, we had a new incentive to modernize the workspace. We had entered a fierce competition for talent, and open, flexible space with the latest technology would make our workplace more attractive to potential hires. We also wanted to optimize utilization of our real estate portfolio. Many employees worked from home at least one day a week, so on any given day we were only using 50% of our 23 million square feet of office space around the world
Supporting today’s diverse workstyles
In 2012 we began converting our buildings to Cisco Connected Workplaces. The renovated buildings have three characteristics: activity-based workspace, integrated technology, and flexible policies. Each office has a variety of spaces we can move to freely throughout the day: communal areas with comfortable seating, quiet rooms, huddle rooms for 2-5 people, and larger conference rooms. We have pervasive wireless and any kind of voice or video endpoint we could want. Managers and employees agree on how often employees need to be in the office—all the time, never, or something in between.
We’re “customer zero” for some of the Cisco technologies we’re using in the new spaces. One is Cisco Workplace Analytics, which uses the building’s wireless network to see where people (their wireless devices, actually) move throughout the day and how long they stay. We use the information to continually optimize the design as work styles evolve.
About the budget
Renovating hundreds of buildings isn’t cheap. We were confident we’d see payback based on talent attraction, retention, and OpEx savings. But we also knew we’d have to prove that to our CFO. So rather than submitting a request for a lump sum, we built a 5-year plan to prove the case in a few buildings in year one and then accelerate the investment in subsequent years.
Business value to-date
As of 2018, we’ve renovated 90% of our global portfolio. In the process we’ve shed 7.5 million square feet by terminating our leases or selling the buildings. That saved nearly $200 million in OpEx and produced $288 million in net asset sale proceeds. We closed 21 of 60 buildings in San Jose alone.
At the same time, productivity rose by 19% (as measured by an internal survey) and 73% of the workforce reported better work-life balance. I’m especially encouraged that 66% of new hires say the workplace had a positive impact on their decision to join Cisco. We’ve all heard the advice to not judge a book by its cover, but face it, people do. And in this case, open, flexible workspace accurately represents what’s behind it: a company that invests in collaboration and work-life balance.
The internet is made up of thousands of public and private networks around the world. And since it came to life in 1984, more than 4.7 zettabytes of IP traffic have flowed across it. That’s the same as all the movies ever made crossing global IP networks in less than a minute.
Yet the new Visual Networking Index (VNI) by Cisco predicts that is just the beginning. By 2022, more IP traffic will cross global networks than in all prior ‘internet years’ combined up to the end of 2016. In other words, more traffic will be created in 2022 than in the 32 years since the internet started. Where will that traffic come from? All of us, our machines and the way we use the internet. By 2022, 60 percent of the global population will be internet users. More than 28 billion devices and connections will be online. And video will make up 82 percent of all IP traffic.
Key predictions for 2022
Cisco’s VNI looks at the impact that users, devices and other trends will have on global IP networks over a five-year period. From 2017 to 2022, Cisco predicts:
Global IP traffic will more than triple
Global IP traffic is expected to reach 396 exabytes per month by 2022, up from 122 exabytes per month in 2017. That’s 4.8 zettabytes of traffic per year by 2022.
By 2022, the busiest hour of internet traffic will be six times more active than the average. Busy hour internet traffic will grow by nearly five times (37 percent CAGR) from 2017 to 2022, reaching 7.2 petabytes [1] per second by 2022. In comparison, average internet traffic will grow by nearly four times (30 percent CAGR) over the same period to reach 1 petabyte by 2022.
Global internet users will make up 60 percent of the world’s population
There will be 4.8 billion internet users by 2022. That’s up from 3.4 billion in 2017 or 45 percent of the world’s population.
Global networked devices and connections will reach 28.5 billion
By 2022, there will be 28.5 billion fixed and mobile personal devices and connections, up from 18 billion in 2017—or 3.6 networked devices/connections per person, from 2.4 per person.
More than half of all devices and connections will be machine-to-machine by 2022, up from 34 percent in 2017. That’s 14.6 billion connections from smart speakers, fixtures, devices and everything else, up from 6.1 billion.
Global broadband, Wi-Fi and mobile speeds will double or more
Average global fixed broadband speeds will nearly double from 39.0 Mbps to 75.4 Mbps.
Average global Wi-Fi connection speeds will more than double from 24.4 Mbps to 54.0 Mbps.
Average global mobile connection speeds will more than triple from 8.7 Mbps to 28.5 Mbps.
Video, gaming and multimedia will make up more than 85 percent of all traffic
IP video traffic will quadruple by 2022. As a result, it will make up an even larger percentage of total IP traffic than before—up to 82 percent from 75 percent.
Gaming traffic is expected to grow nine-fold from 2017 to 2022. It will represent four percent of overall IP traffic in 2022.
Virtual and augmented reality traffic will skyrocket as more consumers and businesses use the technologies. By 2022, virtual and augmented reality traffic will reach 4.02 exabytes/month, up from 0.33 exabytes/month in 2017.
Whether you need to make a simple phone call or communicate, share and co-create across time zones to make that deadline, Cisco® collaboration provides the cloud services and products you need. And we do it in a way that your IT team can scale, and your company can afford. To help you get great work done, today we’re announcing major innovations in cloud calling and team collaboration.
Cloud Calling: Bringing the best to you through service providers.
Companies want to move their phone calls to the cloud, but not at the expense of call clarity and features.
Cisco has long been the leader in the UC market when it comes to on-premise and hybrid models. And as noted by Synergy Research, our acquisition of BroadSoft made us a leader in cloud, too. We want to help IT leaders decide if moving to the cloud is right for them—and if it is, we want to help them do it with confidence.
To that end, here is what we are announcing:
Webex Teams now has a full PBX. It’s UC on steroids, available through service providers.
Cisco BroadCloud™ Calling is a phone system in the cloud. It has all the benefits of a traditional enterprise PBX without the hassles. Today we’re announcing it is now available with Cisco Webex™ Teams through service providers. Think of it as “UC on steroids”—world-class calling, meetings and team collaboration from one of the most trusted names in the business. We built it to address the needs of companies with 100 or more employees.
We’re adding BroadCloud Calling to the Flex Plan—and it is available through service providers.
Buying should be simple and with the Cisco Collaboration Flex® Plan, it is. It lets companies pay a simple subscription fee for all the collaboration tools they need. They can choose to deploy on-premise, in the cloud, or mix and match— and change their mind on that mix at any time. Today, we are adding Cisco BroadCloud Calling as a new calling option in the plan. Service providers can now create a complete collaboration solution to help midsize businesses and enterprises move to the cloud faster. Initially available through six service providers in the US (including NWN and Orange), it will be expanding to support global locations across 19 countries in 2018, with continued expansion continuing through 2019 and beyond.* They provide customers the network services and deliver the collaboration tools in one simple package.
We’re delivering a new calling app that service providers and their customers will love.
The Cisco Calling App has all the features you expect—like mute, park, transfer and click to dial—plus some extras that set it apart from the pack. For instance, want to do high definition video calls? The app can do that. Or want to make a business call from your mobile device using the cellular data network while displaying your published business phone number? The app can do that, too. And it’s integrated with your Outlook and enterprise directory, making it easy to find colleagues through simple search. Service providers who sell BroadCloud Calling while using the Flex Plan can private-label the app.
Easy to buy, easy to pay.
Today we make it simpler for service providers to bundle all calling and collaboration applications (like Webex™ Meetings), devices, and network services into one easy-to-order package—with one streamlined bill.
With the rise of mobile workers, businesses are migrating to more flexible, open office environments. Huddle spaces – small meeting rooms designed for 5 people or less – are on the rise. A study from Dimensional Research delivers insight into the value Huddle Spaces deliver, and what technologies are needed to support them. One thousand participants from the United States and United Kingdom were surveyed, with company sizes ranging from mid-sized to large enterprise.
The research found the need for huddle spaces is accelerating, especially in open office environments. The reason is simple: huddle spaces deliver significant value to users and to the business. They provide the ability to have a quick meeting, give privacy, promote brainstorming, improve productivity, and remove noise.
Huddles spaces, while smaller than other meeting rooms, need the same level of technology as larger meeting spaces. People want simple audio and video conference capabilities. 93% of huddle space users want to use digital whiteboards to increase their productivity. Digital whiteboards directly support brainstorming by allowing everyone, regardless of geographic location, to participate. Participants said that the ability to easily save their whiteboarded work and share it is crucial, because pictures often convey more than words and increase communication efficiency.
Huddle space technology always needs to work. The research found that 78% of workers have been frustrated with meeting technology in the past, citing poor audio and video quality, solutions that stop working, and the inability to join meetings as top issues. That’s nearly four out of five workers reporting they are frustrated. These frustrations impact meeting participants, as well as the business, resulting in frequent support calls. IT staff and facility managers shared that the top technical challenges of managing huddles spaces are a result of using different vendors. Using different technology vendors often creates integration and compatibility issues, and requires IT to have expertise with multiple products. Using different vendor products also directly impacts users, because it requires more effort to understand multiple interfaces.
The research findings show that users want consistency in huddle space technology from one space to another. Consistent technology solutions allow users to be their most productive and not waste time and resources on technology support. The research also found that consistent technology in all meeting spaces delivers value to the business by reducing the time it takes to deploy new meeting spaces. This makes rooms easier to manage, and directly mitigates challenges for IT professionals and facilities managers.
As companies are looking to vendors that can provide huddle space technology, they also need to make sure they can get analytics that provide visibility into meeting space utilization. IT and facilities professionals want to see four key metrics for huddles spaces:
Metrics provide key information for IT professionals to be proactive and ensure meeting spaces are ready for users. That same data also informs facilities and real estate roles about whether the rooms are delivering value, optimal for meeting sizes, and if more meeting spaces are needed.
Meetings are an everyday occurrence, and meeting room technology needs to simply work, every time. To make users happier and reduce work for IT and facility teams, choose huddle space technology that makes your meeting experience simpler.
Cisco Named Official Technology Partner of the USGA Through Multiyear Agreement
LIBERTY CORNER, N.J. – The United States Golf Association (USGA) and Cisco announced a new multiyear global partnership focused on using technology to enhance the fan experience at USGA championships, create new opportunities for content distribution on-site and worldwide, and accelerate the USGA’s mission-driven initiatives to drive global innovation in golf.
As the Official Technology Partner of the USGA and its championships, Cisco will help transform the experience at the U.S. Open and U.S. Women’s Open by strengthening the network throughout the venues to enable greater access to scoring, content and other digital experiences for people attending or covering the action.
In addition, Cisco’s collaboration and video technology will help increase distribution of content on-site at championships and worldwide; create unique opportunities for fans to engage with the sport and its players; and augment the broadcast studio at USGA Headquarters to better support strategic initiatives such as learning golf’s new Rules.
“We are thrilled to announce our partnership with the USGA to drive an innovative connected experience on golf’s largest stages by using the power of Cisco technology,” said Chuck Robbins, Chairman and CEO of Cisco. “This partnership reflects a shared commitment to bring further innovation to the sport of golf for everyone who loves to watch and play this great game.”
“We are incredibly excited to partner with Cisco around ways we can better leverage technology to lead golf into the future,” said USGA CEO Mike Davis. “Their industry leadership and the significant breadth of their capabilities will elevate not only our championships, but how we better serve and generate measurable impact for recreational golfers, golf courses, and the game.”
In addition, Cisco will play an integral role in strengthening and accelerating the USGA’s mission-driven innovation initiatives to create a more sustainable and enjoyable game. This will include partnering with the USGA to support STEM education and spark new ways of thinking, beginning with the USGA’s 2019 Golf Innovation Symposium in March 2019 in Japan.
Cisco is one of the USGA’s five strategic global partners, in a program aimed at leveraging leadership, intelligence, owned resources and a shared passion for golf to improve the golfer experience and advance the future of the game.
About Cisco
Cisco (NASDAQ: CSCO) is the worldwide technology leader that has been making the Internet work since 1984. Our people, products, and partners help society securely connect and seize tomorrow's digital opportunity today.
About The USGA
The USGA celebrates, serves and advances the game of golf. Founded in 1894, we conduct many of golf’s premier professional and amateur championships, including the U.S. Open and U.S. Women’s Open. With The R&A, we govern the sport via a global set of playing, equipment and amateur status rules. Our operating jurisdiction for these governance functions is the United States, its territories and Mexico. The USGA Handicap System is utilized in more than 40 countries and our Course Rating System covers 95 percent of the world’s golf courses, enabling all golfers to play on an equitable basis. The USGA campus in Liberty Corner, New Jersey, is home to the Association’s Research and Test Center, where science and innovation are fueling a healthy and sustainable game for the future. The campus is also home to the USGA Golf Museum, where we honor the game by curating the world’s most comprehensive archive of golf artifacts.
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